燃油不平衡案例合集

案例一SR HNA-HNA-23-2845-09B

案例二和三 SR HNA-HNA-24-0393-12B

案例一,2023年12月,有5*90飞机反映燃油不平衡警告。相关译码数据如下:

点评:由于中央油箱油量低于3000,使用左右主油箱供油起飞。在高度11000的时候打开中央油箱,随后就发生油量差值,在出现不平衡警告后,关闭右主油箱泵,持续使用中央油箱直到低压,然后使用左主油箱平衡。完成平衡后左右同时供油。最大可能性隔离活门打开(波音分析也是这个原因)。

案例二,2024年1月,有53*8飞机反映燃油不平衡警告。相关译码数据如下:

从过程看,初始使用中央油箱供油(左:中:右),在起飞后15分钟(左:8330 中:8430 右:8680)之后,存在中央仅给左发,右油箱仅给右发的情况,两侧消耗量完全一致。直到19分钟后出现燃油不平衡警告(左:8290 中:7280 右:7270)。随后右油箱停止供油,持续使用中央油箱供油。57分钟后,开始仅使用左主油箱平衡。平衡后使用中央油箱直到用完,然后使用主油箱。

点评:中央油箱在空中停止了一段时间的供油,导致中央仅供左发,右主供右发。可能性原因包括:

1,操作原因:在起飞阶段仅开了交输活门和中央左泵(APU使用要求);在起飞后先关闭了交输活门,消耗中央和右主,出现不平衡;然后开中央右泵,继续消耗中央。或者面板电门自动掉电,机组未发现;或者右泵电门被主动关闭。

2,燃油泵输出功率原因。突然出现中央右泵无法输出流量的情况。

后续检查仅发现中央右泵存在叶轮松动的问题,如下视频。完成更换。

案例三:2024年2月,有54*9飞机反映燃油不平衡。地面实时监控系统监控到主燃油箱出现油量不平衡信息,与机组卫星电话核实,飞机在中央油箱燃油泵右泵电门打开的情况下,出现2号主油箱供油,造成了主油箱之间出现短时不平衡信息,机组执行检查单重新开关中央油箱右燃油泵电门后恢复正常,机组决策继续执行航班,后续正常。

发生阶段,样例与案例二基本一致。也安排更换了中央右泵。

由于案例二和案例三无论从机组操作还是故障,用常理解释都非常困难,因为从机组操作来说,需要多步疏漏才会发生这一情况。而故障串油,需要是在某个时间点,中央右泵突然无流量输出了,但又并未发生低压。与波音做了长时间的沟通,主要针对故障可能进行讨论,情况如下:

1,是什么样情况才会出现中央油泵没有低压警告的,但又不能输出流量。

波音公司没有足够的数据来确定所述事件的根本原因。波音公司建议按照以下建议措施部分的规定,继续进行故障排除,以确定任何其他潜在的根本原因。

2,针对中央油箱和主油箱油泵输出压力和输出流量,HNA注意到是相同的流量输出,不同的压力,请波音做下基本原理方面的介绍。

燃油泵的设计是中央油箱油泵增压泵在正常操作期间输出的压力高于主油箱增压泵。这样可以确保在使用主油箱燃油之前先使用中央油箱的燃油。中央油泵和主油箱增压泵的输出压力与燃料类型、高度和供电频率相关,因此每个泵没有特定的输出压力。波音公司建议参考AMM SDS 28-22-00和Crane CMM 28-22-09和28-22-08了解更多有详细信息。

***中央油箱增压泵以23 psi的最小压力和20000 pph(9071 kgph)的最小流速供应燃油。中央油泵低压电门在18至22 psi范围内启动。参考CMM 28-22-09中提供了详细的泵规格。根据上述CMM,当JP-4燃油在比重为0.75、温度为110°F(43°C)、海平面气压、在10 psi(69 kPa)的最小压力情况下,额定流量为28000 lb/hr(pph)(3.54 kg/s)。泵的压力上升限值必须在CMM 28-22-09表1005中给出的流量和燃料比重的限值内。(表见后附)

***主油箱增压泵以最低10 psi的压力以20000 pph(9071 kgph)的流速供应燃油。主油箱增压泵低压开关在4至7 psi范围内启动。参考CMM 28-22-08中提供了详细的泵规格。根据上述CMM,当JP-4燃油在比重为0.75、温度为110°F(43°C)、海平面气压、在10 psi(69 kPa)的最小压力情况下额定流量为20000 lb/hr(pph)(2.52 kg/s)。泵的压力上升限值必须在CMM 28-22-08表1005中给出的流量和燃料比重的限值内。(表见后附)

3,从几个案例观察,初始出现右主油箱供右发的起始点在8000LB左右,是否存在什么共性解释。

波音公司怀疑右主油泵在巡航阶段,即爬升后开始克服中央右增压泵输出。目前,波音公司无法最终确定这种相关性的原因。在第二轮回复中,波音表示在高高度爬升阶段发生,

4,针对案例发现的,油泵叶轮的问题,请波音做解释分析。

波音认为这个泵的状态是不正常的,建议返厂调查。

5,有哪些可能会导致泵输出不足,但又不会低压。

增压泵性能不佳、泵入口因FOD堵塞、排放止回阀和/或泵输出管路FOD/损坏、中央泵供供油管路泄漏等。

点评:从和波音的沟通和以及CMM的说明看,两个泵流量相同,但压力不同。主油箱增压泵限定流量是20000PPH,压力在10-24PSI左右,中央油箱增压泵限定流量是20000PPH,压力在23-40PSI左右。由于中央油箱的低压电门是在18至22 psi范围内启动,那么确实存在当中央油泵性能将至临界点范围-19-23PSI。这个时候可能诱发中央油泵输出压力不及主油箱,但又不导致低压警告触发的可能。还有一种可能就是泵能建立压力,但是已经无法实现流量输出,这种可能性就比较多,类似案例二的叶轮松动、部件堵塞等等。结合CMM的排故可能,怀疑下图50的PIN存在磨损和切削的可能,导致

此图像的alt属性为空;文件名为image-5.png

机组操作要求参考:

1、飞行前程序,交输活门关,燃油泵关。

2,起动前程序,打开中央油箱燃油泵(当大于453KG )和左右油箱前后泵。

3,SOP 启动前程序

4、SOP 爬升和巡航程序

5、APU使用时,接通中央左泵要求。

背景知识:

The IMBAL message shows when there is a difference of 1,000 lb (453 kg) between main tank 1 and main tank 2. The message goes away when the difference between tanks is 200 lb (90 kg) or less. The IMBAL message does not show when the LOW message shows. The imbalance condition must exist for 60 seconds before the IMBAL message shows.

The CONFIG message shows when all of these conditions exist:

1、More than 1600 lb (726 kg) of fuel in the center tank

2、Both center tank fuel boost pump switches are off

3、Either engine is in operation.

After the CONFIG message shows, it stays on until one or more of these conditions are true:

800 lb (360 kg) or less of fuel in the center tank

A minimum of one center tank pump is producing high pressure

The two engines are not in operation.

中央油箱的点亮逻辑和主油箱有所不同,中央油箱是电门ON加低压,主油箱是单纯的低压电门。

A LOW PRESSURE light comes on when the center tank left boost pump switch is in the on position and the left center tank boost pump pressure is 18 psig or less.

主油箱油泵CMM输出

中央油箱油泵CMM输出

关于737机型油箱盖板乳钉裂纹的设计对比分析

737油箱盖板本体故障是与设计缺陷有关,根本原因在于安装螺钉的拖把结构,会形成易于潮气进入的空腔。而金属封严本身并不能起到完全隔绝水汽进入的效能,因而导致这一问题在机队频发。

而其他飞机的设计,盖板螺钉安装孔为直接在盖板上铣出的螺纹,内部无空腔。所以厂家通过改进金属编织网封严,想要解决这一问题基本上是不可能的,因为金属编织网本身就不能完全防范水汽的进入,同时大翼在受力变形的时候,一定是会磨损的。

要想真正解决,只有想办法在这两个位置,增加真正其密封效果的封圈才能解决,目前正与PMA厂沟通,尝试走自主改装的路径。

关于燃油交输活门开位是否导致燃油不平衡的问题讨论

SR 3-5484124776

2022年11月,运行中有飞机反应发生燃油不平衡警告,经确认为在左右油箱泵均打开的情况下,交输活门未关闭。在交输活门未关闭是否为导致燃油不平衡的问题上存在争议,一种认为每个泵出口压力都一致,那么就该各供各发的燃油,即使开着交输活门也不应该发生这一问题。就此与波音做了沟通。相关答复如下:

R1: Boeing confirms that the opened Crossfeed valve could potentially lead to the Fuel Imbalance condition described in the Ref /F/. Boeing notes that there is no Boeing procedure that requires the fuel Crossfeed valve to be open for an extended period of time in normal two-engine operations with all fuel pumps operating. The Crossfeed valve is verified being closed before departure (refer to the Ref /H/ attached FCOM extract) and stays closed during the whole flight unless a Fuel Balancing Procedure (refer to the Ref /I/) needs to be performed or if directed by the Non-Normal Checklist.

R2: Boeing highly recommends Hainan Airlines (HNA) follow the FCOM procedure and switch the Crossfeed valve to the Closed position during regular flights.

就从系统工作角度理解如下:

结合译码的情况,还原整个事件的过程如下:地面左右油箱加油后,使用APU,如果不开泵会消耗左主油箱的油量。但从发动机启动阶段的油量可知,右主油箱(8290LB)是少于左主油箱(8420LB)的。表明有打右主油箱泵并开了交输活门,才会让APU消耗的是右主油箱的油量。随后在打开左主油箱前后泵启动发动机时,交输活门仍然在开位,相当于总管中同时有4个泵提供燃油。由于每个泵的输出流量是会存在差异的(只要满足最低流量要求),同时供给总管也会存差异。厂家在FIM手册中28-41 TASK 820对于燃油构型问题的可能性中,就包括交输活门未完全关闭。表明交输活门的不完全关闭尚且会产生不平衡的状态,何况完全打开的情况。

关于油箱体积和密度的相关数据

SR 4-5603166506

相关分析也可参见技术说明区文档。

R1. Flashing of the refuel gage (indicator) is set to occur between the Volumetric Top Off (VTO) point (where the float switch begins to close), and the point in which fuel starts to transfer into the surge tank.  The goal is to warn the refueler that the automatic refuel shutoff system (float switch, refuel valve and the associated wires) may have failed to stop the refueling, in an effort to prevent fuel spills out of the surge tanks. VTO is set at a point where there is at least 2% expansion space remaining in the fuel tank per Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 25.969. This provides a 2% tank volume of window to detect a failure of the automatic refuel shutoff system. The surge tank is not included in the 2% expansion space. If fuel starts to transfer fuel into the surge tank, the FQIS measured volume is at its maximum. Therefore, there will not be a further increase in airplane indicated fuel volume as there are no fuel quantity probes in the surge tank, and the fuel level in the tanks is no longer increasing. The fuel float switch will stop the refueling at VTO, which will fluctuate depending on the fuel density and temperature at the airplane.  Fuel quantity in mass is the tank volume times the fuel density.

In addition, Boeing conducted ground testing at nominal ground attitude. Based on the results of these tests, VTO was determined to be as follows:

737NG Usable Fuel Capacity:

–   Main Tank 1 (1292) gallons,

–   Main Tank 2 (1284) gallons,

–   Main Tank average (1288) gallons,

–   Center Tank (4299) gallons.

Note – The expansion space for the main tanks is approximately 26 gallons Note – The expansion space for the center tank is approximately 85 gallons

737NG Overfill Indication (Refuel gage flashing):

–   Main Tank 1 & 2 (1296) gallons,

–   Center Tank (4301) gallons.

R2. Each fuel quantity indicator must be calibrated to read “zero” during level flight when the quantity of fuel remaining in the tank is equal to the unusable fuel supply determined under § 25.959.

In according with the 14 CFR § 25.959:

“The unusable fuel quantity for each fuel tank and its fuel system components must be established at not less than the quantity at which the first evidence of engine malfunction occurs under the most adverse fuel feed condition for all intended operations and flight maneuvers involving fuel feeding from that tank. Fuel system component failures need not be considered.”

All Boeing aircraft are designed to indicate the Usable Fuel available for aircraft propulsion. All the fuel in the Center and Main tanks indicated by FQIS is Usable Fuel. Please refer to the appropriate Weight and Balance Manual (WBM) for the Usable and Unusable fuel terms definitions and quantity tables.

R3. The “usable” fuel quantity will be approximately the same as the FQIS calculated fuel quantity at VTO (where the fuel float switch actuated) provided the FQIS is working properly.

R4. The “usable” fuel tank capacities should be used to calculate the fuel tank quantities. The remaining fuel in the tanks after the pumps have shut off is “unusable fuel” and should not be counted with for the next flight plan.

波音SR里也承认了他们使用的密度是常温下全球范围内燃油的典型密度。除非航司主动要求,否则,他们就用6.7LB/Gal做为密度。如果选装密度计的构型,精确度会更高。

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