垂直导航 (VNAV) 模式下降时意外改平

SR 3-5594143814 和 SR 3-5592101237

自有案例

2023年3月,有飞机发生一起垂直导航 (VNAV) 模式下降时意外改平的 SDR 事件。乌鲁木齐进近阶段在3872FT,自动驾驶、自动油门接通,下降率出现异常减小,由800FT/MIN减小至400FT/MIN以内,飞机姿态由1.5度左右增加至4度以上,飞机垂直轨迹开始产生偏差,机组断开自动驾驶,开始修正垂直偏差并执行复飞程序,后续重新加入25号RNP进近。

译码情况如下:

17:55:58 QNH5400FT,着陆形态完成,LNAV接通,自动驾驶接通,自动油门接通,机组接通VNAV, VNAV PTH方式指示正常。
17:56:45 QNH4896FT, VNAV PTH、LNAV 方式,自动驾驶、自动油门接通,机组调定最低高度2500FT,飞机状态正常。
17:59:40 飞机通过FAF点,开始转入下滑,VNAV PTH\LNAV方式显示正常,自动驾驶、自动油门接通。
18:00:24 QNH4384FT (无线电高2276FT),飞机状态稳定,VNAV PTH\LNAV方式显示正常,自动驾驶、自动油门接通,机组调定复飞高度4900FT。操作程序正确。
18:01:04 QNH3872FT,VNAV PTH\LNAV方式显示正常,自动驾驶、自动油门接通.下降率开始异常减小,由800FT/MIN减小至400FT/MIN以内,飞机姿态由1.5度左右增加至4度以上。飞机垂直轨迹开始产生偏差。
18:01:13 QNH3840FT,VNAV PTH\LNAV方式显示正常,垂直偏差逐渐增大,机组断开自动驾驶,开始修正垂直偏差,指引指示一直不正常,显示高姿态指示。
18:01:56 QNH3392FT,VNAV PTH方式断开,LNAV方式显示正常。
18:02:07 QNH3232FT(无线电高度1106FT),机组按压TOGA电门,执行复飞程序。
后续重新加入25号RNP进近,正常落地。
根据QAR数据和机组反馈分析,进近过程中,进近程序正确,飞机指引出现非正常指示,自动减小下降率导致垂直偏差,机组及时断开自动驾驶修正,后执行复飞程序。机组判断准确,处置正确。

根据译码及测试结果,初步分析为FMC计算机U13软件缺陷导致的飞机在垂直导航(VNAV)模式下降时意外改平(波音在FTD-34-19003有此类问题的说明),B737NG机队在梯度下降航段, FMC计算的航路可能会出现因计算偏差而导致高度层突变,从而导致飞机在垂直导航(VNAV)模式下降时意外改平。当两台FMC计算出现差异时,FMC之间有可能会出现误差比较,从而导致FMC重新预测飞行航迹。该误差比较很快会得到修正,不会触发FMC不一致信息逻辑。但是由于FMC的误差比较和重新同步,FMC可能会执行重新预测飞行航迹。 如果前一个航路点有“等于或高于(At or Above)”的高度限制,则FMC重新预测飞行轨迹时将使用该高度限制,这将导致飞机实际高度低于重新预测的FMC航迹,随后在截获新的航迹之前,飞机会出现短暂的改平。 需注意的是在出现该情况时,FMC会继续遵守所有飞行计划中的高度限制,但是飞机将出现一个稍微陡峭的航迹。对此故障,波音认为该情况机组可识别出并采取合适的措施,推荐升级FMC OPS软件到U14版本可解决。

经咨询 NDB 供应商,依据NDB 编码现则,在飞行程序设计过程中除非程序强制要求在某点必须使用固定高度时 NDB 会编为等于 (AT),其余高度限制均会被编码为等于/高于(AT/ABOVE)。如程序中未强制要求使用固定高度 但NDB 编码等于 (AT)时,飞机资态会出现突升或者突降的况,对飞行安全造成影响。因此经综合评估,进近过程中的飞行程序除非程序中要求编码等于(AT) 高度,其余未强制要求的程序均编码为等于/高于(AT/ABOVE)高度。

经过与波音和GE的沟通,厂家证实了这一问题、

Boeing/GE has completed the FMC BITE and QAR data analysis for Airplane B-2xxV for the reported event dated 24-Mar-2023. The analysis indicates FMC sent an conflicting altitude target constraint to the Autopilot while in descent to prevent the airplane from descent and to deviate from the vertical path. This is a known software anomaly with FMC OPS U13 and prior and is listed in 737NG-FTD-34-19003. Further, we confirm that this issue has been fixed in FMC OPS U14.

波音对于机组操作的建议如下:

As stated in 737NG-FTD-34-19003, operators can review the specific procedure for the presence of AT/ABOVE altitude constraints. If AT/ABOVE constraints are identified, operators can contact their NDB supplier to determine what, if any, change can be made within the NDB to replace AT/ABOVE with AT constraints. Crews should follow the attached FCTM Stabilized Approach Recommendations and Mandatory Missed Approach recommendations, which include: executing a missed approach on an RNP based approach and an alert message indicates that ANP exceeds RNP; for airplanes with NPS, during RNP approach operation, anytime the NPS deviation exceeds the limit or an amber deviation alert occurs unless the aircrew is able to change to a non-RNP procedure; for airplanes with FMC U14 or later, during RNP AR approaches, with or without NPS, anytime the UNABLE REQD NAV PERF-RNP is shown during the approach, regardless of whether or not the lateral or vertical RNP are exceeded; and for airplanes without NPS, during RNP approach operation, anytime the XTK exceeds 1.0 X RNP unless the aircrew is able to change to a non-RNP procedure.

关于货舱货网/地锚损坏后的保留条款说明

SR4-5555952948

针对货舱货网/地锚失效后的保留,有两个条款:MEL25-05AMEL25-05B。两个条款的差异在于05A不禁用货舱,而05B禁用货舱。

其中05A条款中备注提到:遵守经批准的货物装载手册或载重平衡手册中的可接受的货物装载限制标准。货物固定系统/装置丢失或者损坏时,如仍需装货,参考载重平衡手册以确定货物装载限制。如果丢失或者损坏的货物固定部件数量超出载重平衡手册允许的范围,相关货舱不能使用

在实际运行中,由于运控和配载目前尚无统一的意见,导致一线按05A放行时,有可能出现:有时候是部分货舱区域限制装货,而有时候却是完全禁用货舱,进而减载旅客,对运行造成一定的压力。由于WBM里也并未明确的给出单个地锚或单张货网失效后的载重限制计算方法,为优化当前保留办理的条款使用,发SR4-5555952948询问了波音,具体答复如下:

MMEL item 25-05A, Cargo Compartment Restraint Components, Cargo Compartment Used, can be applied for dispatch relief when inoperative or missing restraint components are discovered in the cargo compartments, including cargo net clips, cargo tie-down fitting, that are used to restrain or prevent movement or shifting of cargo during flight.

Missing or broken restraint components in the cargo compartment do not reduce the total allowable cargo weight for the compartment. However, they may reduce the allowable size and weight of large, dense, or sharp objects that require tie-down restraint to prevent shifting in the compartment. The table on page 1-68-001 of the Weight and Balance Control and Loading Manual provides the capability of each tie-down fitting. The load applied to each fitting must not exceed the capability of the fitting in each direction. If a tie-down fitting is broken, then the capability for that fitting is zero.

Please keep in mind, cargo restraint components are not required to be installed but are recommended primarily to prevent shifting of cargo into the doorway for cargo door clearance for all 737 model airplanes. Boeing investigated various load shift scenarios to determine their effect on airplane stability in all phases of flight. The results of these calculations showed that, even in the most extreme cases of load shift, the airplane remains stable.

简单的说,波音认为地锚/货网的损伤,并不会限制货舱的总允许货物重量。但是要考虑到,大型货物或锐边密集的货物[1]若不能被束缚,在飞行中随姿态改变而发生移动时,有可能对货舱造成损伤或大型货物有可能压到货舱门。所以会对货物的尺寸、数量有一点限制。因此,从这个角度理解:对于737机型来说,货网、地锚,都不是必需的。它们的目的只是为了防止货物移动。同时波音也做过调查,即便在极端情况下,这也并不影响737重心的稳定性。

综上,货网/地锚失效按MEL25-05A放行,在货舱所有的区域都可以装货,没有减载限制。但出于防止货物压到舱门导致无法打开货舱门的考虑,需要现场跟配载人员沟通,尽量将大件往里放,小的散件靠外放,可避免大件物品压舱门的情况。另外,易碎物品在这种情况下,是无法托运了。

[1]锐边密集的货物定义如下:

 Weighs 100 LB (45 KG) or more with the smallest end having height and width dimensions both less than 6 IN.
 Slender tubing or rods with a density equal to or greater than 20 LB (9 KG)/CU FT
 Weighs 500 LB (226 KG) or more
 Weighs 300 LB (136 KG) or more with a density equal to or greater than 20 LB (9 KG)/CU FT
 Weighs 100 LB (45 KG) or more and due to package shape (cylindrical, spherical, etc.) is likely to topple or roll during airplane operation

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